Use of Renewable Energy Sources in Desalination Techniques: A Review

Abstract

A freshwater scarcity now exists as a result of the expanding global population, climate change, pollution, increased consumer demand, and resource exploitation. Desalination of water is therefore often utilised to produce freshwater. Since desalination is a relatively energy-intensive process, the cost is mostly determined by the cost of electricity. Previous assessments have focused on specific subjects including the energy-environment nexus, membrane materials, and renewable energy sources. There are, however, few research on thermal-based desalination that provide low-carbon footprints for systems that use renewable energy sources and waste heat. The correct mix of renewable energy and desalination technology is necessary to meet water demands in a way that is economical, effective, and ecologically benign. To solve this problem, attention is being paid to enhancing the already-existing desalination systems and investigating how to incorporate sustainable forms of renewable energy into desalination systems. This article reviews and discusses the current desalination scenario, the importance of desalination to dry regions, energy requirements, and the use of renewable energy into desalination technology.  In order to provide a general overview of the role of renewable energy technologies in the sustainability of future water systems with a growing proportion of desalination, it also investigates technical and economic developments as well as environmental and social aspects of desalination systems. The expenses of the desalination process using renewable energy are provided, along with any difficulties or potential outcomes. It is acknowledged that the key to satisfying water demand in a way that is economical, effective, and ecologically friendly requires the proper blending of renewable energy sources and desalination technology.